System for supply chain management

ABSTRACT

A system for tracking a product from origin to destination is disclosed. The system includes a probe that comprises two plates, a power source and a processor. The power source is controlled by the processor to produce an oscillating output at the plates. Using the oscillating voltage, the probe interrogates a device through capacitive coupling. The device includes a control unit, a memory unit, and first and second materials physically associated with the device for communication using capacitive coupling. Information associated with the device is transferred from the device to the probe through capacitive coupling between the first and second materials and the first and second plates, respectively.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/491,226 filed Sep. 19, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/508,327 filed on May 4, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No.8,868,453, which is the U.S. National Stage entry of InternationalApplication No. PCT/US2010/055522, filed on Nov. 4, 2010, which damspriority under 35 USC § 119 from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.61/258,182 filed on Nov. 4, 2009 titled Method, Device and System forSupply Chain Management of Ingestible Event Markers by inventor MarkZdeblick, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is related to methods and systems for usingelectronic devices to track products. More specifically, the presentdisclosure includes a methods, devices, and system for tracking medicalinventory from source to consumer.

BACKGROUND

Suppliers of pharmaceutical products are concerned about counterfeitproducts being substituted for original products from the time theproducts leave the manufacturer to the time the products are deliveredto the end user. Additionally, there is a need for accuratelydetermining the quantity and content of a package so that thedistributors can identify the products throughout the supply chain.Known methods and systems use near field communication, such as RFID.These known methods have inherent limitations such as lack of dataintegrity, confidentiality etc. Therefore, what is needed is a systemfor interrogating a product to ensure validity and origin of the productthroughout the supply chain, from manufacturer to end user or consumer.

SUMMARY

Disclosed is a system to manage product supply in a supply chainenvironment. In various aspects, the invention includes capacitiveplates which probe a variety of products, resulting in indications ofproduct validity or invalidity. In this manner, various supply chain orother pursuits may be accomplished.

The products include, for example, IV bags, syringes, ingestible eventmarkers (IEMs) and similar devices, as disclosed and described in PCTapplication serial no. PCT/US2006/016370 published as WO/2006/116718;PCT application serial no. PCT/US2007/082563 published asWO/2008/052136; PCT application serial no. PCT/US2007/024225 publishedas WO/2008/063626; PCT application serial no. PCT/US2007/022257published as WO/2008/066617; PCT application serial no.PCT/US2008/052845 published as WO/2008/095183; PCT application serialno. PCT/US2008/053999 published as WO/2008/101107; PCT applicationserial no. PCT/US2008/056296 published as WO/2008/112577; PCTapplication serial no. PCT/US2008/056299 published as WO/2008/112578;PCT application serial no. PCT/US2008/077753 published as WO2009/042812; PCT application serial no. PCT/US09/53721; and PCTapplication serial no. PCT/US2007/015547 published as WO 2008/008281; aswell as U.S. Provisional Application Ser. Nos. 61/142,849; 61/142,861;61/177,611; 61/173,564; each in its entirety is incorporated herein byreference. Such products may typically be designed to include conductivematerials/components. The use of capacitive coupling to probe theproduct's conductive materials and components by the capacitive platesmay indicate the presence of the correct configuration of conductivecomponents of the product. Alternatively, failure to communicativelycouple when probed may indicate product nonconformance, e.g., one ormore conductive materials is absent, incorrectly configured, etc.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows a pharmaceutical product with a device that can beinterrogated using capacitive coupling in accordance with one aspect ofthe present invention.

FIG. 1B shows a pharmaceutical product with a device that can beinterrogated using capacitive coupling in accordance with another aspectof the present invention.

FIG. 1C shows a pharmaceutical product with a device that can beinterrogated using capacitive coupling in accordance with another aspectof the present invention.

FIG. 1D shows a device that can be probed or interrogated usingcapacitive coupling in accordance with yet another aspect of the presentinvention.

FIG. 1E shows a pharmaceutical product with a device that can be probedor interrogated with a co-axial probe/plates using capacitive couplingin accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows a circuit diagram for the device of FIGS. 1A-1D inaccordance with one aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 2A shows a diode bridge use in the device of FIG. 2.

FIG. 2B shows a logic unit of the device of FIG. 2 in communication witha probe through the plates and the conduction material, which isassociated with the device in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 2C shows a finite time period for a power transfer cycle and aninformation transfer cycle using capacitive coupling in accordance withthe teachings of the present invention.

FIG. 3A shows a product with the device passing through a tubularsection to confirm product authenticity and device operation inaccordance with the present invention.

FIG. 3B is a specific instant of the device passing between platesduring interrogation to confirm authenticity of the product inaccordance with the present invention.

FIG. 4A is a top view of the device associated with a product inaccordance with the present invention.

FIG. 4B is a side view of a product with a conducting composite and thedevice in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 5 shows a side view of a device being interrogated by a pair ofprobes in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring now to FIG. 1A, a device 10 a inside a pharmaceutical product12 a, such as a pill or tablet, which is completely packaged up andtested via a probe, as discussed in detail below. In accordance withvarious aspects of the present invention, the device 10 a may be locatedwithin the product 12 a or secured to the surface of the product 12 a,as contemplated within the scope of the present invention. The device 10a includes a control module for communication and a memory for storinginformation, such as identity. The probing of the device 10 a isperformed to ensure, for example, that the device 10 a is stillfunctioning. The probing uses a capacitive coupling approach where thereis capacitive coupling of a first probing capacitive plate 20 a to afirst metal or material 14 a on one side of the device 10 a and a secondprobing capacitive plate 30 a to a second metal or material 16 a onanother side of the device 10 a. As evident to one skilled in the art,the plate 20 a is electrically insulated from the plate 30 a even thoughthe insulation is not specifically shown. Various ways to probe usingcapacitive coupling may be accomplished, e.g., metal, metal pads, etc.In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, for example,there is capacitive coupling between material 14 a and capacitive plate20 a and material 16 a and capacitive plate 30 a. The plates 20 a and 30a are probes that can communicate with the device 10 a throughcapacitive coupling. The plates 20 a and 30 a are electrically connectedto a system (not shown) that can receive the information from the plates20 a and 30 a as well as process the information. Also, in accordancewith various aspects of the present invention, the product may be coatedwith non-conducting material.

In accordance with various aspects of the present invention, there arevarious components included as part of the device 10. For example, thedevice 10 may be an ingestible event marker (IEM) with a unique identitythat can be read using capacitive coupling pre-ingenstion andcommunicated using transconduction post-consumption. Various aspects ofan IEM are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/564,017titled COMMUNICATION SYSTEM WITH PARTIAL POWER SOURCE filed on Sep. 21,2009, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein byreference.

Referring now to FIG. 1B, a device 10 b is shown as part of a product 12b in accordance with one aspect of the present invention. The device 10b includes a first material 14 b and a second material 16 b deposited onthe surface of the device 10 b for forming a capacitive connection. Thematerials 14 b and 16 b are in communication with the control module ofthe device 10 b. Probes 20 b and 30 b are capacitively coupled tomaterials 14 b and 16 b, respectively. Thus, as the probes 20 b and 30 bare powered up with AC voltage, then materials 14 b and 16 b arecapacitively coupled to the probes 20 b and 30 b. Thus, informationassociated with the device 10 b that is stored in the memory of thedevice 10 b can be encoded by a control module of the device 10 b andcommunicated to the probes using capacitive coupling.

Referring now to FIG. 1C, a device 10 c is shown secured to a product 12c in accordance with the present invention. The device 10 c includes afirst material 14 c and a second material 16 c deposited around theperimeter of a skirt 18 c of the device 10 c with at least a portion ofthe materials 14 c and 16 c being deposited on the skirt 18 c.Furthermore, the materials 14 c and 16 c are coupled to the controlmodule of the device 10 c to allow for communication through capacitivecoupling from the control module of the device 10 c to allow theidentity of the device 10 c to be communicated to a system through theprobes 20 c and 30 c. In accordance with one aspect of the presentinvention, the materials 14 c and 16 c are conductive inks, such as aningestible graphite or carbon based ink or paste. Probes 20 c and 30 care powered by an AC source and when brought close to the materials 14 cand 16 c, the probes 20 c and 30 c can communicate with the device 10 cusing capacitive coupling through the materials 14 c and 16 c,respectively. Furthermore, in accordance with another aspect of thepresent invention, probes 22 c and 32 c are positioned proximal to thematerial 14 c and 16 c at different locations to allow for alternativepositioning of the device 10 c or to provide for probing of the devicefrom an alternative direction. Once the probes 20 c and 30 c are poweredwith an AC voltage and the device 10 c is located near the probes 20 cand 30 c, then the materials 14 c and 16 c can be used to passinformation between the device 10 c and the system connected to theprobes 20 c and 30 c through capacitive coupling.

Referring now to FIG. 1D, a device 10 d is shown in accordance withanother aspect of the present invention. A conducting material 14 d isdeposited on the surface of a material 19 a that is associated with thedevice 10 d. The material 19 a and the material 19 b of the device 10 dare dissimilar materials and form a partial power source for the device10 d. For example, the material 19 a maybe CuCl and the material 19 bmay be Mg. The device 10 d also includes transistors at connection 19 cthat is capable of electrically connected the composite 14 d to V-highor the material 19 b, which is at the same potential as V-low. Thedevice 10 d includes a composite material 16 d that is physicallyassociated with the device 10 d and rests on top of an oxide layer 17 d.The material 16 d may be gold-plated CuCl. Thus, as probes or plates,similar to those shown in FIGS. 1A-1C and powered by an oscillating orAC voltage source, are brought close to the device 10 d there iscapacitive coupling between the composite 14 d and the composite 16 dand the probes. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention,as the voltage source isolates, the energy transferred to the material14 d and the material 16 d varies accordingly and is stored on thedevice 10 d. As the voltage source is reduce to zero or quiet, then thedevice 10 d switches from receiving energy to sending energy to theprobes using capacitive coupling. In order to creating an oscillatingenergy source, the transistors 19 c are used to connect and disconnectthe material 14 d between the material 19 b (which represents V-low) andV-high. As the material 14 d changes energy levels from V-high to V-low,information can be transferred to the probes. Thus, during a portion ofthe cycle when the power is off or quiet (as shown in FIG. 2C), thedevice 10 d is able to transfer energy to the probes, which energyincludes information about the device 10 d. Hence, using capacitivecoupling, information may be communicated between the device 10 d andthe system connected to the probes near the device 10 d.

Referring now to FIG. 1E, a co-axial probe with two conductiveprobes/plates 20 e and 30 e separated by an insulating material 25 e.The inner conductive probe or plate 20 e is surrounded by the insulatingmaterial 25 e, which is surrounded by the outer conductive probe orplate 30 e. The device 10 e is shown as part of a pharmaceutical product12 e. The device 10 e includes a conducting material or ink 15 edeposited on the side opposite the co-axial probe. As the co-axial probeis positioned close to the product 12 e, the probe 20 e is positionedover the center of the device 10 e and the probe 30 e is positionedabove the outer edges of the device 10 e and proximal to the material 15e. Thus, as described above and with respect to FIG. 2C, as the powersource is isolating, energy is transferred from the co-axial probe tothe device We and as the power source is shut-off or quiet, then energyis transferred from the device 10 e to the system connected to theco-axial probe.

Referring now to FIG. 2, a voltage source, e.g., an AC voltage or otherisolating or alternating source 40 runs at a high frequency, e.g., 1MHz, etc. The voltage source is connected to the probes or plates. Thedevice 10 includes a control module 50 and bonding pads 52 to which thematerials (for example, materials 14 and 16 of FIG. 1A) are coupled. Inaccordance with one aspect of the present invention, inside the device10 is a diode 54, such as a Schottky diode or other type of diode thatcreates an internal supply voltage, and a switch 56 with some impedancethat is turned on and off which changes the impedance of the device 10.The variation in the impedance is used to communicate information aboutthe identity of the device 10. The change in impedance allows for theinformation associated with the device 10 to be encoded and sent to asystem through the probes using capacity coupling, as represented by thecapacitors 58 and 60. The information is captured by the systemconnected to the probes represented by the capacitors and read as Voutthrough the sampling amplifier across the impedance labeled R-sample.

Once the control module 50 is brought near or exposed to the voltagesource through the plates, there is energy transfer through thecapacitive coupling and the device 10 can produce an oscillation signal,which can be detected. The oscillation signal contains information andthe isolating signal can be encoded into, for example, a 1 MHz signal orsimilar frequency, e.g., 500 KHz, as may be dependent on the degree ofcapacitive coupling. The voltage of the source 40 will be determined byhow much capacitive coupling is achieved between the capacitive plate orprobe 20 and 30 of FIG. 1 and the materials 14 and 16 thereof. Thus, ata high frequency that represents, perhaps, 5 volts, the capacitive valuebetween the probe, such as probe 20 or 30, and the material isrepresented by the capacitors 58 and 60.

Referring now to FIGS. 2A and 2B, in accordance with another aspect ofthe present invention, a diode bridge is shown that is a circuitrepresentation of the interaction between the plates 20 and 30 and thematerials 14 and 16 of the device 10. The isolating voltage present atthe plates 20 and 30 (labeled “PLATE 1” and “PLATE 2”) results in anenergy transfer in the form of high voltage and a low voltage for thedevice 10. The device 10 includes a control module as part of theprocessor or logic unit. The logic unit may be a processor, amicroprocessor, a multi-module device or any form of integrated circuit.The logic unit is in communication with the conductive materials 14 and16 and the plates 20 and 30 (labeled “PLATE 1” and “PLATE 2”). As theplates 20 and 30 are powered with an AC source, the logic unit storesenergy and later uses that energy to send information.

Referring now to FIG. 2C, the power cycle is shown with an active periodand a quiet period and the transfer cycle of the device 10 is shown asthe transfer window. In accordance with the present invention, theduration of the active period energy is transferred from the powersource to the device 10. Then during the quiet phase, the energy storedby the device 10 is used to transfer energy from the device 10 to thesystem connected to the probes. In this way, information associated withthe device can be transferred from the device 10 through the probes 20and 30 to the system connected to the probes. In accordance with variousaspects of the present invention, the information sent from the device10 to the system of the probes 20 and 30 during the quiet phase is basedon the information stored in memory of the device. Thus, even thoughthere is a “1” shown during the transfer window or quiet stage of thepower source, the information transferred during the quiet stage orphase of the power source may be a “0”.

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, if there is aone-microfarad capacitor between a capacitive plate/probe and a materialphysically associated with the device 10, then at a high isolatingfrequency that represents a lower voltage necessary for capacitivecoupling. In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, ifthere is a one-picofarad capacitor, then a larger voltage may be needed,as will be recognized by one skilled in the art. The amount of currentactually going through will depend on the impedance between theelectrical circuit caused between the capacitive plates/probes 20 and30, as shown in FIG. 1 for example. Thus shorting capacitive plate 20and capacitive plate 30 of FIGS. 1A-1C will result in significantcurrent going through which may be detected with, for example, by asampling amplifier as shown in FIG. 2. The output is through a samplingamplifier which is essentially looking at the current going through theloop and the modulation of that current caused by the control module 50.

In accordance to various aspects of the present invention, thecapacitive coupling may be used with devices that are DC source devices,which are modified for interoperability, e.g., a device having arectifier in place to provide a stable voltage on the chip, theimpedance of which may be modulated.

Referring now to FIGS. 3A and 3B, in accordance with various aspects ofthe present invention, the capacitive plates/probes and the systemconnected thereto for receiving information may be integrated orotherwise associated with various structural components and otherdevices, e.g., a tubular structure 60 as shown in FIG. 3A havingcapacitive plates 20 and 30. To illustrate, one or more pharmaceuticalshaving an IEM or similar device 10 may be introduced into the structure.The device 10 may be introduced manually or automatically via automatedmeans. As the device travels through the structure 60, the device 10 isprobed by the capacitive plates 20 and 30 in the tube 60. In variousaspects, other devices and/or components may be associated. In oneexample, a programmable device may be communicatively associated withthe capacitive coupling device to receive and/or transmit data and/orinformation derived by the capacitive coupling device. To continue withthe foregoing illustration, once all or a portion of the number ofproducts 10, which may be pills, are probed or “read” by the capacitivecoupling system associated with the probes/plates 20 and 30, thecapacitive coupling system can communicate, e.g., wireless, wired, etc.,to a database with a display device for further storage, display,manipulation, etc. In this manner, an individual datum, data, largevolumes of data, etc., may be processed for various purposes. One suchpurpose may be, for example, to track pharmaceuticals in a supply chainapplication, e.g., during a manufacturing process such as a tabletpressing or other process, during a pharmacy verification process,during a pharmacy prescription process, etc. Various processes may becomplementary, incorporated, etc. One such example is validation throughreading the number. If it is valid, e.g., readable, the tablet isaccepted. If not, the tablet is rejected. Thus, using a simple hand heldreader with an oscillating power source, a user or care provider canprobe the product, which can be a pill or tablet in accordance with oneaspect of the present invention, with the device 10 associated therewithand determine if the pill is authentic or a counterfeit product.

Referring now to FIGS. 4A and 4B, in accordance with another aspect ofthe present invention, a pill having a device 10 is shown with a coating74 that is non-conductive or fairly impervious coating and the pillitself comprises a non-conductive medicine powder. A region 72, e.g., acone-shaped region, as shown, comprises a conductive material 70, e.g.,small particles or grains of conductive material intermixed with otherpharmaceutical material(s), excipient(s), placebo material(s), etc.,such that the region 72 is converted into a conductive region. Forexample, graphite and other conductive materials may be used, e.g., onepart in ten, five parts in ten, etc. such that the region 72 isconductive. Other materials and compositions are possible, e.g., a gelor liquid capsule having conductive particles therein, etc. Thus, athigh enough frequencies, the particles of the conductive material 70 inthe region 72 may be shorted together. One skilled in the art willrecognize that the conductive material 70 may include various materialsand form factors, as well as combinations thereof, e.g., variously sizedparticles, wires, metal films, threads, etc. The scope of the presentinvention is not limited by the type or shape of the conductive material70 used in the region 72.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, theconductive material 70 may be integrated or formed via a variety ofmethods and proportions. In one example, the device 10 is embedded orotherwise mechanically associated with a “doughnut-shaped” powder andthe hole formed therein is filled or otherwise associated with theconductive particles, etc., to form the conductive region. The size,area, volume, locations or other parameters of the conductive regionsmay vary to the extent the functionality described herein may be carriedout.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention and as shownin FIG. 5, capacitive plates or probes 80 and 82 are coupled to a systemfor collecting the data. Probes 80 and 82 are used to probe the device10 through capacitive coupling to the materials 84 and 86, respectively.An impedance feedback system may be used to drive them fairly close toone another and once the current gets to a certain amount to use that togauge the distance. Using a high enough impedance, this system may beuseful in a variety of applications, e.g., a manufacturing environmentto validate that the device 10 is present, is operating correctly etc.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a closeproximity between the capacitive coupling probes/plates and the device10 may facilitate, promote, etc., privacy aspects. In certain aspects,certain related devices may include, for example, a circuit with aSchottky diode in parallel with a CMOS transistor that is timed to beopened and closed, opened up, etc. Other circuit designs andmodifications are possible.

What is claimed is:
 1. An ingestible device configured to be testedusing a probe located external from the ingestible device, theingestible device comprising: a substrate comprising a control unit anda memory for storing information; and first and second materialsphysically associated with the substrate, the first and second materialsbeing dissimilar materials; a third material deposited on a surface ofthe first material, the third material being an electrically conductivematerial; an electrically insulative layer formed on the first materialand the substrate; and a fourth material physically associated with thesubstrate and disposed on the electrically insulative layer, the fourthmaterial being an electrically conductive material; wherein thirdmaterial is configured to communicatively couple to a first probe plateand the fourth material is configured to communicatively couple to asecond probe plate, such that information can be communicated betweenthe third material and the first probe plate and information can becommunicated between the fourth material and the second probe plate,wherein the first and second probe plates are located external from theingestible device.
 2. The ingestible device of claim 1, wherein thefirst and second dissimilar materials form a partial power source forthe ingestible device, wherein when the first and second dissimilarmaterials generate a voltage potential to power the ingestible devicewhen the first and second dissimilar materials contact an electricallyconductive fluid.
 3. The ingestible device of claim 1, wherein third andfourth materials receive energy transferred by capacitive coupling tothe first and second probe plates when the first and second probe platesare powered by an oscillating voltage source and are brought proximateto the third and fourth materials.
 4. The ingestible device of claim 3,wherein when the voltage source isolates, the energy transferred to thethird material and the fourth material varies accordingly and is storedon the ingestible device.
 5. The ingestible device of claim 3, whereinas the voltage source is reduced to zero, the device switches fromreceiving energy to sending energy to the probes using capacitivecoupling.
 6. The ingestible device of claim 1, further comprising atleast one transistor to electrically connect the third material to thesecond material.
 7. The ingestible device of claim 6, wherein thecontrol unit is configured to control the at least one transistor toconnect and disconnect the third material between the second materialand the first material to create an oscillating energy source for theingestible device.
 8. The ingestible device of claim 7, wherein as thethird material changes energy levels from a high voltage to a lowvoltage, information can be transferred to the first and second probeplates.
 9. The ingestible device of claim 1, wherein the ingestibledevice is configured to transfer energy to the first and second probeplates during a portion time when the power is off, wherein the energyincludes the information about the ingestible device.
 10. The ingestibledevice of claim 1, wherein the third and fourth materials are configuredto energize the ingestible device by a transfer of energy from the firstand second probe plates to the corresponding third and fourth materialsto validate the functionality of the ingestible device.
 11. Theingestible device of claim 1, wherein the third material is anelectrically conductive composite material.
 12. The ingestible device ofclaim 1, wherein the fourth material is an electrically conductivecomposite material.
 13. A system for tracking an ingestible deviceconfigured to be tested using a probe located external from theingestible device, from an origin to a destination, the systemcomprising: a probe comprising: a power source; a processor coupled tothe power source configured to receive and send information; a firstplate coupled to the processor; and a second plate coupled to theprocessor, wherein the power source is configured to be controlled bythe processor to produce an output at the first and the second plates;and an ingestible device comprising: a substrate comprising a controlunit and a memory for storing information; and first and secondmaterials physically associated with the substrate, the first and secondmaterials being dissimilar materials; a third material deposited on asurface of the first material, the third material being an electricallyconductive material; an electrically insulative layer formed on thefirst material and the substrate; and a fourth material physicallyassociated with the substrate and disposed on the electricallyinsulative layer, the fourth material being an electrically conductivematerial; wherein third material is configured to communicatively coupleto a first probe plate and the fourth material is configured tocommunicatively couple to a second probe plate, such that informationcan be communicated between the third material and the first probe plateand information can be communicated between the fourth material and thesecond probe plate, wherein the first and second probe plates arelocated external from the ingestible device.
 14. The system of claim 13,wherein the first probe plate has a surface facing a surface of thesecond probe plate such that the ingestible device is configured to bein capacitive communication with the probe when the ingestible device ispositioned between the surfaces of the first and second probe plates.15. The system of claim 13, wherein the first probe plate is positionedadjacent the second probe plate such that the ingestible device isconfigured to be in capacitive communication with the probe when theingestible device is brought within an operative proximity of the probe.16. The system of claim 13, wherein the probe further comprises a tubehaving the first and second probe plates contained therein.
 17. Thesystem of claim 13, wherein the first and second materials areconfigured to be communicably coupled to the control unit.
 18. Thesystem of claim 13, wherein the ingestible device is configured tocommunicate with an external device.
 19. The system of claim 13, whereinthe third material is an electrically conductive composite material. 20.The system of claim 13, wherein the fourth material is an electricallyconductive composite material.